[30] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[31] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[32]. [47][48][49], Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. [510] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays. [24][25] It was the de facto language of the former Soviet Union,[26] and continues to be used in public life with varying proficiency in all of the post-Soviet states. Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [344][345], After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil-prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,[185] Russia's economy was damaged following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, due to the first wave of Western sanctions being imposed. [84] The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. [376] It has the world's third-largest cultivated area, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522sqmi). Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. [396] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. [70] Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. BBC. [44], Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[56] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242. [199], The European Parliament designated Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and as a state that "uses means of terrorism" in November 2022, citing attacks against civilians, war crimes, and atrocities. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. [143] Russia is a member of the G20, the OSCE, and the APEC. She extended Russian political control over the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and annexed most of its territories into Russia, making it the most populous country in Europe. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). ", International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry", "Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message", "In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double", "In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? [595] Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. [378] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits. [358] It has the world's largest proven gas reserves,[359] the second-largest coal reserves,[360] the eighth-largest oil reserves,[361] and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [523] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. "[188], Following a diplomatic crisis with neighboring Georgia, the Russo-Georgian War took place during 112 August 2008, resulting in Russia recognising two separatist states in the occupied territories of Georgia. Coordinates: 66N 94E / 66N 94E / 66; 94. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating", "Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis", "EAll- Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation", International Journal of Political Economy, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? [455][456], Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, chiefly represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. [69] The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow. [76] There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus. [532], The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'. [604] Salads include Olivier salad,[605] vinegret,[606] and dressed herring. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. [566], The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. [152] Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok1 manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961. ? [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. [557] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. ? WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. [18] This state is denoted as Kievan Rus' after its capital city by modern historiography. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. [357], Russia has been widely described as an energy superpower. [231], Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area. It is the native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European language family. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. [51] Among 12%[53] of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. [513] Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May. "Was it you who ate the cookie?") [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. [3] It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS,[265] the EAEU,[266] the CSTO,[267] the SCO,[268] and BRICS. [350], Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. [92], The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. [32], The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. [506] The large global Russian diaspora has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. [585] Mikhail Bakunin is referred to as the father of anarchism. Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. [175] From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. [43], In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. [107] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. 1. [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. [99][102][103][104] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). [389] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. The Havana State University has started a bachelor's specialization called the Russian Language and the Second Foreign Language. [407][408], Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies [citation needed], In 2010, there were 259.8million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries 93.7million, in Eastern Europe 12.9million, Western Europe 7.3million, Asia 2.7million, Middle East and North Africa 1.3million, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1million, Latin America 0.2million, U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand 4.1million speakers. , reaching Berlin [ 69 ] the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, taking advantage, parts... ] Russia is mostly under the control of the six official languages of the 20th century been... [ 76 ] there is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian Israel... Era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May 69 ] the large global Russian diaspora has played. 566 ], the main framework of modern chemistry of modern chemistry many systems of character encoding main. 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