Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. The Ministry of Interior reported in March to a Senate session that approximately 500 illegal migrants try to enter the country daily along the countrys southern borders. For example, some migrant parents allowed their children to be used by organized begging networks, and some families encouraged children to work in the informal sector. Foreign observers characterized the 2017 legislative elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day, but noted a lack of transparency in vote-counting procedures. )exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est. Monitoring and enforcement practices for child labor were inconsistent and hampered by an insufficient number of inspectors to examine the formal and informal economy. No new trade unions were registered between January and September, and the government said it did not receive any applications. The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minors will. During the year the ICRC hosted training sessions on human rights standards related to arrest, detention, and interrogation procedures for judicial police from the DGSN and National Gendarmerie, as well as for judges. The penal code prohibits the detention of suspects in any facilities not designated for that purpose and declared to the local prosecutor, who has the right to visit such facilities at any time. WebAccording to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African Do not travel to: Areas near the eastern and southern borders due to terrorism and kidnapping. The committee was empowered to propose measures and laws to address child labor as well as conduct awareness campaigns. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. They were UNHCR registered more than 10,000 Syrians, but fewer than 7,000 remained registered with UNHCR as of September. NGOs reported that judges gave harsher sentences to LGBTI persons. )$5.666 billion (2018 est. In September a group of military veterans organized a protest in Algiers, prompting a crackdown by authorities. ), improved: urban: 98.3% of populationrural: 91.3% of populationtotal: 96.5% of populationunimproved: urban: 1.7% of populationrural: 8.7% of populationtotal: 3.5% of population (2020 est. The government granted such authorization to students and persons with special family circumstances. Organizations wishing to initiate regular publications must obtain authorization from the government. 1870-10-24: By decree No. Although the government did not renew the accreditation of LADDH, the organization had members countrywide, received independent funding, and was one of the most active independent human rights groups. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. The province and its total petroleum system coincide with the Illizi Basin. made the national language. By law, the age for consensual sex is 16. The law provides for collective bargaining by all unions, and the government permitted the exercise of this right for authorized unions. Algeria, officially known as the Peoples Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign North Africa nation along the Mediterranean coast. Note: in the 1998 census data, the sum of the province populations is 2 less than the reported total for Algeria. Members of the LGBTI community reported that forced marriage was a problem, particularly for lesbian women. The appeal must be filed within three days of the order. Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. split from Sada; Relizane split from Mostaganem; Souk Ahras split from Guelma; Tindouf split from Bchar; Tipaza A national committee is responsible for monitoring and publishing an annual report on the rights of children. The law grants the government wide-ranging oversight of and influence in the day-to-day activities of civil society organizations. Domestic violence remains a society-wide problem. The law also provides for the creation of independent unions, although the unions membership must account for at least 20 percent of an enterprises workforce. Several members were arrested on September 13 in Bejaia, including the leader of political party Jil Jadid, Soufiane Djilali. The government used specific facilities for prisoners age 27 and younger. By law ISPs face criminal penalties for the material and websites they host, especially if subject matters are incompatible with morality or public opinion. The Ministries of Justice, Interior, and Post, Information Technology, and Communication have oversight responsibilities. II, United Nations, New ICRC staff visited prisons, and police and gendarme stations under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice, and an administrative detention center operated by the Ministry of Interior. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the government repatriated 35,113 Nigeriens (including 16,478 women and children) from December to August, pursuant to a bilateral agreement at the request of the Nigerien government. Since the subdivision ), number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 87annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 6,442,442 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 28.28 million (2018) mt-km, total: 67over 3,047 m: 142,438 to 3,047 m: 271,524 to 2,437 m: 18914 to 1,523 m: 6under 914 m: 2 (2021), total: 822,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 16914 to 1,523 m: 36under 914 m: 28 (2021), 2,600 km condensate, 16,415 km gas, 3,447 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,036 km oil, 144 km refined products (2013), total: 104,000 km (2015)paved: 71,656 km (2015)unpaved: 32,344 km (2015), total: 114by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 2, general cargo 11, oil tanker 11, other 89 (2021), major seaport(s): Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, SkikdaLNG terminal(s) (export): Arzew, Bethioua, Skikda, Algerian People's National Army (ANP): Land Forces, Naval Forces (includes Coast Guard), Air Forces, Territorial Air Defense Forces, Republican Guard (under ANP but responsible to the President), National Gendarmerie; Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of National Security (national police) (2022), 5.6% of GDP (2021 est. The law criminalizing speech about security force conduct during the internal conflict of the 1990s remained in place, although the government said there had never been an arrest or prosecution under the law. Prescribed penalties under this statute range from three to 20 years imprisonment, which were sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. Individuals may appeal adverse decisions to international human rights bodies, but their decisions would not have the force of law. )industry: 39.3% (2017 est. Police arrested blogger Merzoug Touati in January 2017 on charges stemming from his online publication of an interview with a former Israeli diplomat. )$71.796 billion (31 December 2019 est. According to UNHCRs March report on Sahrawi refugees in Tindouf, the government protected a significant number of refugees in five camps in Tindouf and a smaller urban refugee population, primarily in Algiers. note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. Freedom of Expression: While public debate and criticism of the government were widespread, journalists and activists believed they were limited in their ability to criticize the government publicly on topics crossing unwritten red lines. Authorities arrested and detained citizens for expressing views deemed damaging to state officials and institutions, and citizens practiced self-restraint in expressing public criticism. John Paxton, ed. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and other NGOs criticized the governments use of the law to restrict peaceful assembly. change, in 1984, the new subdivisions were called wilayas. the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in Corruption: The criminal code stipulates that only the board of directors of the institution concerned may initiate charges related to theft, embezzlement, or loss of public and private funds against senior, public sector economic managers. Critics of the law asserted that by permitting only senior officials of state businesses to initiate investigations, the law protects high-level government corruption and promotes impunity. Under provisional liberty status, authorities subjected suspects to requirements such as reporting periodically to the police station in their district, stopping professional activities related to the alleged offense committed, surrendering all travel documents, and, in some terrorism-related cases, residing at an agreed-upon address. Some terrorist groups remained active in the country, including al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and an ISIS affiliate, Jund al-Khilafah. departments of France. 1958-03-17: Sada department created by taking parts of Oran, Saoura, and Tiaret departments. )transmission/distribution losses: 9.897 billion kWh (2019 est. The Ministry authorized the import of only 350 copies ofJeune Afriquefor delivery to various institutions. Coordinator for the Arctic Region; Local media outlets reported that a team of European Union elections experts provided the government a report noting a lack of transparency in vote counting procedures, but the report was not made public. These penalties are neither sufficiently stringent nor commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes. )refined petroleum consumption: 450,500 bbl/day (2019 est. At the end of March, the distributor received a notification from the Ministry of Communication to stop importingJeune Afriqueand other titles published by Jeune Afrique Media Group (The Africa ReportandLa Revue). Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. Prison sentences for rape range from five to 10 years, and authorities generally enforced the law. In September the Ministry of Communication stated there were 268 accredited written publications. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. Press and Media Freedom: The National Agency for Publishing and Advertising (ANEP) controls public advertising for print media. The resulting division was as shown below. )$11,600 (2019 est. split from Blida; Tissemsilt formed from parts of Alger and Tiaret. The law prohibits employment by minors in dangerous, unhealthy, or harmful work or in work considered inappropriate because of social and religious considerations. The departments were subdivided Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. Judges found to have ordered an unlawful detention could be subject to penalties or prosecution. Women faced discrimination in employment. Penalties for violations of the rights of union members range from fines of DZD 10,000-50,000 ($85-$425) for first offenses or DZD 50,000-100,000 ($425-$850) and 30 days-six months in prison for repeat offenses. The law permits unions to affiliate with international labor bodies and develop relations with foreign labor groups. 1845-04-24: By ordinance, Algeria was divided into three provinces. tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List Algeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government made key achievements during the reporting period, therefore Algeria was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; authorities identified more trafficking victims, increased investigations and prosecutions, while continuing to convict traffickers; Algeria partnered with international organizations to train officials and conduct public awareness campaigns; however, government identification of and services for victims remained insufficient; authorities continued to punish some potential victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit (2022)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; Algerian women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to financial problems or after running away from home; undocumented sub-Saharan migrants are vulnerable to labor and sex trafficking and are exploited in restaurants, houses, and informal worksites; sub-Saharan men and women needing more funds for their onward journey to Europe work illegally in construction and commercial sex and are vulnerable to sex trafficking and debt bondage; foreign women and girls, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, are subject to sex trafficking in bars and informal brothels; criminal begging rings that exploit sub-Saharan African migrant children are common and reportedly increasing (2022), total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). ), electrification - total population: 99.4% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 99.6% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 97% (2019), installed generating capacity: 21.694 million kW (2020 est. The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and independent media outlets regularly criticized and satirized government officials and policies, but the government on some occasions restricted these rights. With this summons, police may hold a suspect for no more than 48 hours. Family connections and status of the parties involved influenced decisions. Authorities normally awarded custody of children to the mother, but she may not make decisions about education or take the children out of the country without the fathers authorization. note: data are in current year dollars$54.259 billion (2019 est. However, the French language has continued to occupy an ), 18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est. According to his lawyers, authorities have not provided any evidence to support the charges. Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Ahmadi Muslims, Shia Muslims, Ibadi Muslims) <1% (2012 est.). The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The law prohibits parties based on religion, ethnicity, gender, language, or region, but there were various political parties commonly known to be Islamist, notably members of the Green Alliance. More than 100,000 Sahrawis are estimated to be living in five refugee camps in southwestern Algeria near Tindouf. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. Many place names were changed. Over the past three years, the government has enacted incremental increases in some taxes, resulting in modest increases in prices for gasoline, cigarettes, alcohol, and certain imported goods, but it has refrained from reducing subsidies, particularly for education, healthcare, and housing programs. ), municipal: 3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est. Human rights activists said police sometimes used excessive force against suspects, including protestors. )crude oil estimated reserves: 12.2 billion barrels (2021 est. note: data are in current year dollars$42.347 billion (2020 est.) The governments lack of transparency over its use of state-funded advertising, however, permitted it to exert undue influence over print media. According to statistics from womens advocacy groups published in the local press, between 100 and 200 women died each year from domestic violence. The Wassila Network noted this number is a fraction of actual cases since victims of domestic violence rarely report the abuse to authorities because of the forgiveness clause stipulated in the legal code. The repatriations were conducted in coordination with consular officials from the countries of origin of the migrants, but the migrants were not permitted to challenge their removal. The law prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities, although the government did not always effectively enforce these provisions. 1902-12-24: Parts of the military territories - the cercles marked with an asterisk (*) above, with minor The law provides for the right to strike, and workers exercised this right, subject to conditions. Algeria uses five-digit postal codes. WebThe Islamic State Algeria Province is a branch of the militant Islamist group Islamic State, active in Algeria. There were no reports that the government granted refugee status and asylum to new refugee applicants during the year. Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia, total: 2,381,740 sq kmland: 2,381,740 sq kmwater: 0 sq km, slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas, total: 6,734 kmborder countries (6): Libya 989 km; Mali 1,359 km; Mauritania 460 km; Morocco 1,941 km; Niger 951 km; Tunisia 1,034 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm, arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer, mostly high plateau and desert; Atlas Mountains in the far north and Hoggar Mountains in the south; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain, highest point: Tahat 2,908 mlowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 mmean elevation: 800 m, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc, agricultural land: 17.4% (2018 est. Foreign Travel: The constitution states that the right to enter and exit the country is provided to citizens. The president serves as the president of the High Judicial Council, which is responsible for the appointment, transfer, promotion, and discipline of judges. See the Department of StatesTrafficking in Persons Reportatwww.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/. The governments actions included harassment of some critics; arbitrary enforcement of vaguely worded laws; informal pressure on publishers, editors, advertisers, and journalists; and control of an estimated 20 percent of the countrys advertising money and printing capabilities. The May 2017 elections for the lower chamber of parliament did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. agriculture: 13.3% (2017 est. and Guelma. 1957-08-07: Territoires du Sud (formerly department no. The law protects union members from discrimination or dismissal based on their union activities. At the same time, legal foreign workers principally from China and Egypt came to work in Algeria's construction and oil sectors. In January 2018 the government imposed an indefinite suspension on the importation of roughly 850 products, subject to periodic review. Regulations require the shareholders and managers of any radio or television channel to be Algerian citizens and prohibit them from broadcasting content that offends values anchored in Algerian society.. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. )beer: 0.31 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. The government did not grant UNHCR access to these reception centers but reported that by 2016 most Syrians no longer used the centers. )1.95% (2019 est.). Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. Access to Asylum: While the law provides generally for asylum or refugee status, the government has not established a formal system through which refugees can request asylum. Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: In June the Associated Press (AP) reported that the government had forced an estimated 13,000 migrants over the previous 14 months to walk from Guezzam, Algeria, to Assamakka, Niger as part of the repatriation process. Pursuant to the constitution, all parties must have a national base. The electoral law adopted by parliament in 2016 requires parties to have received 4 percent of the vote in the preceding election or to collect 250 signatures in the electoral district in order to appear on the ballot. Christians reside mostly in Algiers and the Provinces of Kabylie, Bejaia, Tizi Ouzou, Annaba, Ouargla, and Oran. (An igamie is the Penalties for unlawful work stoppages range from eight days to two months imprisonment. The law provides for criminal penalties of two to 10 years in prison for official corruption, but the government did not fully implement the law. )-$18.187 billion (2020 est. The provinces later became divisions. A person released from custody following a dismissal or acquittal may apply to a civil commission to seek compensation from the government for particular and particularly severe harm caused by pretrial detention. U.S. imports from Algeria grew from $4.7 billion in 2002 to $10.8 billion in 2005, primarily in oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG). 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