When the Japanese were not satisfied with the pace of work, prisoners were forced to endure atrocious physical punishment, and some 700 Allied prisoners died or were killed at Hellfire Pass. Australians were not the largest national group on the railway. As a result of war bombing on bridges repeatedly, the Japanese used it to supply their troops in Burma. [12][13] The projected completion date was December 1943. Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from The Japanese stopped all work on . During this time, prisoners suffered from disease, malnutrition, and cruel forms of punishment and torture inflicted by the Japanese. Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery, at Thanbyuzayat, 65 kilometres south of Moulmein, Myanmar (Burma) has the graves of 3,617 POWs who died on the Burmese portion of the line. A further 354 were from the Royal Australian Navy and 373 from the Royal Australian Air Force. The two parties met at Nieke in November 1943, and the line - 263 miles long - was completed by December. Used with permission of the author, Lilian Sluyter. Another cohort of 450 US personnel suffered 100 deaths. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar, holds 621 Dutch graves, Copyright 2023 Burma Thailand Railway Memorial Association. Photo taken on Aug. 19, 2020 shows the bridge over the River Kwai, the most notable part of the "Death Railway," in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Tens of thousands of POWs were packed onto vessels that came to be known as Hell ships; one in five prisoners did not survive the cramped, disease-ridden journey. [37] British doctor Robert Hardie wrote: "The conditions in the coolie camps down river are terrible," Basil says, "They are kept isolated from Japanese and British camps. Australian POW Prisoners of War Books about Thai Burma Railway Hellfire Pass Military Books DVD Docos. [63] The most important trial was against the general staff. ", "Yamashita: the greatest Japanese general of World War II? Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". The list contains over 1700 names and is particularly interesting as a record of the decimation, by disease or untreated wounds, of prisoners working on the Burma-Thailand railway. "[46] The living and working conditions on the Burma Railway were often described as "horrific", with maltreatment, sickness, and starvation. Unbeknown to his captors, and at the risk of losing his life if discovered, he kept a diary documenting life. South Australian Rex Butler's time as a hard-riding buffalo shooter in the Northern Territory's crocodile swamps stood him in good stead when he went to war, fell into the hands of the Japanese and made an incredible escape. In addition, approximately 130,000 civiliansincluding some 40,000 childrenwere captured by the Japanese. Railway Construction Camp - Kanya, Thailand. The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by Commonwealth, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project, driven by the need for improved communication to support the large Japanese army in Burma. Camps were usually named after the kilometre where they were located. BBC News Bob Reynolds spent four years as a prisoner of war in Burma and Taiwan. Only the first 130 kilometres (81mi) of the line in Thailand remained, with trains still running as far north as Nam Tok. What mattered in captivity was not so much a mans nationality but the particular circumstances and location of the places in which he worked, his access to food, medicines and medical care, his genetic inheritance, and even his luck and will to survive. Accommodation for the Japanese guards had to be built first, and at all the staging camps built subsequently along the railway this rule applied. [78][79], In 1946,[89] the remains of most of the war dead were moved from former POW camps, burial grounds and lone graves along the rail line to official war cemeteries. Initially, 1,000 prisoners worked on the bridge and were commanded by Colonel Philip Toosey. In 1943 Dutch prisoners were sent to Thailand where they suffered the same hardships as other Allied POWs. Some 30 000 of these prisoners of war later worked on the ThaiBurma railway. [17] A holiday was declared for 25 October which was chosen as the ceremonial opening of the line. Many remember Japanese soldiers as being cruel and indifferent to the fate of Allied prisoners of war and the Asian rmusha. [71], A first wooden railroad bridge over the Khwae Yai was finished in February 1943, which was soon accompanied by a more modern ferro-concrete bridge in June 1943, with both bridges running in a NNESSW direction across the river. [90], Three cemeteries maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) contain the vast majority of Allied military personnel who died on the Burma Railway.[90]. During its construction more than 16 ,000 prisoners of war died - mainly of sickness, malnutrition and exhaustion - and were buried along the railway. In October 1943, the railway station was finished. ARTICLE 29. At the same time the 'Sweat Army' of labourers from Burma, ostensibly volunteers but many conscripted by the puppet Burmese government, toiled on the construction work. When that failed to attract sufficient workers, they resorted to more coercive methods, rounding up workers and impressing them, especially in Malaya. "About a dozen on the Burma side and more again on the Thailand side of the railway, in camps like F-Force and D-Force, and about eight men who were with 'Weary' Dunlop at Hintok," he said. Sir Edward "Weary" Dunlop an Australian surgeon and legend among prisoners of the Thai Burma Railway in World War II; The full year membership runs from August to the end of July the following year. Records of Naval Operating Forces, RG 313. This route was vulnerable to attack by Allied submarines, especially after the Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. Around 90,000 civilians died, as did more than 12,000 Allied prisoners. The barracks were about 60m (66yd) long with sleeping platforms raised above the ground on each side of an earthen floor. A Bill Aldag Fergus Anckorn Charles Groves Wright Anderson Ken Anderson (politician) Harold Atcherley B Henri Baaij Edmund W. Barker Theo Bot Russell Braddon Jim Bradley (British Army officer) Gerard Bruggink C John Carrick (Australian politician) Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis Forde Everard de Wend Cayley Fred Chadwick Jack Bridger Chalker [21], In October 1946, the Thai section of the line was sold to the Government of Thailand for 1,250,000 (50 million baht). [66][67] No compensation or reparations have been provided to Southeast Asian victims. utilisation of prisoner of war labour in japanese prisoner of war camps. Hekking died in 1994. Ron Arad Israeli fighter pilot, shot down over Lebanon in 1986. . More recently, the motion picture The Railway Man (based on the book of the same name) also gives insight into the barbaric conditions and suffering that were inflicted upon the workers who built the railway. Over 22 000 Australians were captured by the Japanese when they conquered South East Asia in early 1942. Jun 9, 2015 - Explore Samm Blake's board "Burma Thai Railway Prisoners of War - Historical Footage / Photos", followed by 2,370 people on Pinterest. As before, their food and accommodation were minor considerations. Steve White-do-not-use. Since 1945 prisoners of war and the Burma-Thailand railway have come to occupy a central place in Australia's national memory of World War II. An estimated 80,000 to 100,000 civilians also . The remains of the notorious F-Force camp in Thailand. This is the bridge that still remains today. Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by British, Australian, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project inspired by the need for improved communications to maintain the large Japanese Armv in Burma. The wooden bridge was reused for pedestrians and cars. The rail line was built along the Khwae Noi (Kwai) River valley to support the Japanese armed forces during the Burma Campaign. The quality of medical care received by different groups of prisoners varied enormously. ARTICLE 30. Taff suffered from dysentery, malaria, beri beri and cholera but, unlike so many, he survived. Australian prisoners of war 1941-1945 (ANZAC Portal, 2007, March) This is a part of the series, Australians in the Pacific War. Thereafter work on the railway consisted of maintenance, and repairs to damage caused by Allied bombing. The Dutch formed the second largest contingent of Allied prisoners of war on the ThaiBurma railway, after the British. To pursue those ends and to support their continued offensives in the Burma theatre, the Japanese began construction of what came to be known as the Burma Railway. It is open to general traffic from Ban Pong to Kanchanaburi, about 33 miles.Japanese communications depended upon a long and exposed sea route to Rangoon via Singapore and the Strait of Malacca, and a road (quite unfit for prolonged heavy traffic) from Raheng through Kowkarelk to Moulmein. [76], The new railway line did not fully connect with the Burmese railroad network as no railroad bridges were built which crossed the river between Moulmein and Martaban (the former on the river's southern bank and the latter to the opposite on the northern bank). Max Heiliger-Laundering money for the Nazis. More than one in five of them died there. [7] The Japanese began this project in June 1942. These POWs, day after day, have their bodies pushed to extremes in an effort to complete the construction of the railway. The longest and deepest cuttings in the railway occurred at Konyu, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Kanchanaburi, Thailand. These pages are dedicated to my father Ken Heyes (Lance Corporal, 1st Aust Corps Troop Supply Column AIF, POW), his good friend, Ernie Badham and all the other brave soldiers who spent so many years in the hell-holes that were the Japanese P.O.W camps during World War II. The Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway, the Siam-Burma Railway, the Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, was a railway between Ban Pong, Thailand, and Thanbyuzayat, Burma, built by the Empire of Japan in 1943 to support its forces in the Burma campaign of World War II. When the Japanese conquered much of South East Asia in late 1941 and early 1942 they captured more than 50 000 British military personnel. Though medical consequences of war attract attention, the health consequences of the prisoner-of-war (POW) experience are poorly researched and apprec . This owes something to the fact that in F Force, where British and Australian numbers were roughly equal, some 2036 British died compared to 1060 Australians in the period up to May 1944. Part II: Asian Romusha: The Silenced Voices of History", "Distances between camps on the Burma-Thailand Railway", "Last Man Out: A Memoir of the Burma-Thailand Death Railway", "Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war The BurmaThailand Railway", "The Thailand-Burma Railway, 19421946: documents and selected writings", "Tamarkan, Tha Makham 56.20km - Thailand", "Forgotten Sikhs of the Siam -Burma Death Railway", "The lies that built The Bridge on the River Kwai", "Old China Hands, Tales & Stories The Azon Bomb", "Aerial photograph of Kanchanaburi, Thailand during a raid by Allied aircraft including", "Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine), longest and largest in Myanmar, emerges to serve interests of State and region", "Railway of Death: Images of the construction of the BurmaThailand Railway 19421943", "Birma-Siam Spoorweg en de Pakan Baroe Spoorweg. Alternatively, send a cheque to our treasurer, Cheques should be made payable to COFEPOW and sent to the following address:-, Mr. David BrownCOFEPOW14 RidgecroftAshton-Under-LyneLancashireOL7 9TGUnited Kingdom, Choose between a single or joint membership. This gave rise to the name of "River Kwai" in English. Except for the worst months of the construction period, known as the "Speedo" (mid-spring to mid-October 1943),[51][52] one of the ways the Allied POWs kept their spirits up was to ask one of the musicians in their midst to play his guitar or accordion, or lead them in a group sing-along, or request their camp comedians to tell some jokes or put on a skit. [6], In early 1942, Japanese forces invaded Burma and seized control of the colony from the United Kingdom. These activities engaged numerous POWs as actors, singers, musicians, designers, technicians, and female impersonators. by Howard Margolian. The railway track from Kanchanaburi - photographed in 1945. In contrast, only 4000 Australians were captured by the Germans and Ottomans in World War I. Java was the place where the second largest group of Australians was captured. There, approximately 20% of the Allied POWs died during its construction. From Thai-Burma railway to Sandakan, WWII history buff unearths stories of Australian POWs. [73] Bad weather forced the cancellation of the mission and the AZON was never deployed against the bridge. [14][15][16], The railway was completed ahead of schedule. Sort by: POW Thai Burma Death. The living and working conditions on the railway were horrific. To supply their forces in Burma, the Japanese depended upon the sea, bringing supplies and troops to Burma around the Malay peninsula and through the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea. [53], The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a war crime committed by Japan in Asia. The Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway, the Siam-Burma Railway, the Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, is a 415km (258miles) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar).It was built from 1940 to 1943 by civilian labourers impressed or recruited by the Japanese and prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, to supply troops and weapons in the . Lt Col Coates the greatest doctor on the Burma Thailand Railway. [9] Much of the construction materials, including tracks and sleepers, were brought from dismantled branches of Malaya's Federated Malay States Railway network and the East Indies' various rail networks. Little detailed research has been done on the background of Australian POWs and how this affected their chances of survival. A second air-raid by the RAF on 24 June finally severely damaged and destroyed the railroad bridges, and put the entire railway line out of commission for the rest of the war. The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam-Burma Railway, Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a 415 km (258 mi) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar).It was built from 1940 to 1943 by civilian laborers impressed or recruited by the Japanese and prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, to supply troops and weapons in the . The Death Railway is only one of the names describing the Japanese project built in 1943 to provide support to its forces during World War II. They were treated brutally by the Japanese, and struggled with tropical diseases and the effects of malnutrition. [48][49] In the foreword to Charles's book, James D. Hornfischer summarizes: "Dr. Henri Hekking was a tower of psychological and emotional strength, almost shamanic in his power to find and improvise medicines from the wild prison of the jungle". The Australian commander Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Kappe attributed the lower Australian death rate to a more determined will to live, a higher sense of discipline, a particularly high appreciation of the importance of good sanitation, and a more natural adaptability to harsh conditions [and to] the splendid and unselfish services rendered by the medical personnel in the Force. The total length of miles, the total number of bridges over 600, including six to eight long-span bridges the total number of people who were involved (one-quarter of a million), the very short time in which they managed to accomplish it, and the extreme conditions they accomplished it under. The Prisoner of War Management Office (Furyo Kanribu) The Prisoner of War Management Office (Furyo Kanribu) was established by the Minister for the Army on 31 March 1942 as an additional office to deal with the treatment of POWs. Map of Prisoner of War Camps. Some 30 000 of these prisoners of war later worked on the Thai-Burma railway. The 75th anniversary of the infamous Thai-Burma Railway built by World War II prisoners of war will be marked today. On 26 October 1942, British prisoners of war arrived at Tamarkan to construct the bridge. The records of a million World War II Prisoners of War will be published online today. The final group of Dutch arrived in Burma as part of Group 5 in April 1943, bringing the total of Dutch in Burma to around 4600. At main camps such as Chungkai, Tamarkan, Non Pladuk and Thanbyuzayat were "base Hospitals" which were also huts of bamboo and thatch, staffed by such medical officers and orderlies as were allowed by the Japanese to care for the sick prisoners. [2], Thailand was a neutral country at the onset of World War II. The graves of those who died during the construction and maintenance of the Burma-Siam railway (except Americans, who were repatriated) have been transferred from the camp burial grounds and solitary sites along the railway into three war cemeteries. Much of the excavation was carried out with inadequate hand tools, and, because work on the railway had fallen behind schedule, the pace of work was increased. [50] Charles died in December 2009. [69] It was this Bridge 277 that was to be attacked with the help of one of the world's first examples of a precision-guided munition, the US VB-1 AZON MCLOS-guided 1,000lb aerial ordnance, on 23 January 1945. The final route was between Bangkok in Thailand and Rangoon, Myanmar (Burma). Thinking back, she recalls the Australian man who made a great sacrifice to aid her and her fellow prisoners of war. [57][58], In addition to malnutrition and physical abuse, malaria, cholera, dysentery and tropical ulcers were common contributing factors in the death of workers on the Burma Railway. It was built from 1940 to 1943 by civilian laborers impressed or recruited by the Japanese and prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, to supply troops and weapons in the Burma campaign of World War II. The higher deaths in F Force were probably attributable to the fact that British workers contained a high proportion of men who were already ill when they left Singapore. [18][19] The Japanese staff would travel by train C56 31 from Nong Pladuk, Thailand to Thanbyuzayat, Burma. The horrendous experiences endured by the thousands of POWs has made the Burma Railway a place of pilgrimage and commemoration. 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